A STUDY OF SPEECH ACT BETWEEN SELLER AND BUYERS IN ‘SINAGA SHOP’

This research is aimed to investigate the speech act between seller and buyers in ‘Sinaga Shop’at Jalan Melanthon Siregar Pematangsiantar. Speech act is related to utterances. Communication can be said successful if the speech act between speaker and listener are good in daily life. The transaction in the market between seller and buyer is also inevitable. Therefore, the problem of this study is: “What kinds of speech act verbs do the sellers and buyers use in ‘SINAGA SHOP’ Jalan Melanthon Siregar Pematangsiantar in their daily conversational transaction? To answer the problem above, the researchers follow some theories that related with the problem, they are speech act theory by Austin (1962) and Searle (1985). Descriptive qualitative approach was conducted. Participants of this study are seller and buyers at “SINAGA SHOP”. They are female and male. Context of the study is the utterances of seller and buyers in “SINAGA SHOP”. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that there were some verbs that the seller and the buyer use in their daily transactional conversation, they are: Representative include suggest, report, state, inform, complain. Directive include ask, request, order. Expressive include apologize, thank, pardon. Commisive include offer and Declaratives include sentencing.

1. Be humanly processible in on going time 2. Be clear 3. Be quick and easy 4. Be expressive Speech Act Hutajulu and Herman (2019 p.30) stated that Speech Acts is an utterance to explain how speaker use language to accomplish intended actions and how the hearers infer intended meaning from what is said. Communication is going on if there are speaker and listener. It is called speech community. Speech community is one all of whose members share at least a single speech variety and the norm of appropriate use. Speech community may be as small as single capacity.
Any interlocutors within a given speech community (or narrowly within a given speech network) must recognize the role relationship that exists between them at any norm and behavior upon which the existence of speech community depends.
In language, function goes hand and hand with structure. For structure of each sentences species the uses to which it can be put.
For example : Jone was hit by his brother. In this sentence has a structure that is declarative sentence with "Jone" as subject and "was hit by his brother" as predicate. Because of its structure, it can be used to tell someone that Jone was hit by his brother or to ask the people to help Jone. For this reason, function is as important as a structure to the study of language.
Communication is the fundamental function of language. In this activity, there are three main elements. They are : 1.A speaker 2A hearer 3.A signaling (for example : the language) Whenever they ask question, for example, they give listeners fails to appreciate this attention, they are judge as having "misunderstanding" even though in everything else about the utterances but how does each sentence convey its particular function? This question has been answered by Austin (1962 p.199) and Searle (1985 p.21), in speech act theory of them. In their view, every time speaker utters a sentence, they are attempting to accomplish something with the words. In this uttering sentences, speakers performs speech act.

Notion of Speech Act
To talk about speech act there are three notions that should be discussed, they are rule, preposition, and meaning (Searle, 1985 p.39) Rule means knowing the meaning of words, it means by knowing the meaning of the words, we can use the words according to the context (Searle, 1985 p.40). In other words, the use of words, the use of words has rules that depends on the meaning and the context of the communication. There are two kinds or rules, namely: Regulative Rule and Constitutive Rule. Regulative rule tends to using of words that depends on the norm of society (Searle, 1985 p.41). Constitutive rule tends to the use of words out of norm of society (Searle, 1985 p.41). So, by knowing the rules for its use, we can find and know the meaning of the word.
Preposition means the comprehending between the subject and the predicate that is bound by a function (Searle, 1985 p.42). Example: a. will Fany leave the house b. Fany leave the house c. Fany, leave the house d. would Fany leave the house e. if F any leave the house, I will leave also.
All the sentences have the same topic and explanation but they have a different illocutionary act, why? Because they or the sentences have different function, A is a question, B is a assertion, C is request or order. D is an expression of a wish and the last, E is hypothetical of intention. Notice it is not said that the sentences express the proposition. It is not know the sentences could perform the acts, but should be know that in the utterances of the sentences the speaker express a proposition notice also. Proposition is not also assertion, or statement of that proposition. The proposition that fany will leave the house is shown in the all utterances, (la-e), but only in the sentence b is the proposition asserted. An assertion as an illocutionary act, but a proposition as not an act all, although the act of expressing a proposition is a part of performing certain illocutionary acts.

Austin's Theory
When the communication happen, there are three things that are involved, they are speaker, hearer, and utterances. For instance, Mother : Vina, bring here the glass. In the conversation, the speaker is mother and the hearer is Vina. And the utterance is " Vina, bring here the glass". According to Austin (1962 p.199), the utterances of the speaker can be divided into three meanings, they are Locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act (Austin in Leech, 1983:p. 199) Locutionary Act Locutionary act relates a topic with an explanation in an utterance. It is same with an explanation in an utterance. It is same relationship between subject and predicate. It is called a proposition act or performing the act of saying something. It can be also that Locutionary act is S says to H that X. Example: Merry: Hallo..
Hary: Hi.. It is locutionary act of this utterance is Merry greets Harry by saying "Hallo"

Illocutionary act
Illocutionary act deals with the function of sentence, it could be asking information, greeting. Requesting, ordering, and many others. In other words, the illocutionary act is in uttering X, S asserts that P. For example : a. Buyer : How much? b. Seller : Rp 3.500 c. Buyer : could you low it? The illocutionary acts are : a. Asking information b. Giving information c. And offering

Perlocutionary Act
Perlocutionary act is an effect that is bearded by the hearer according to the situation and context. In other words, it can be said perlocutionary act is by situation and context X, h, convinces S that P. For example : a. Jane : The weather is hot b. Marry : I'll take you a cup of ice tea or I'll turn on the fan. This example shows that by saying "the weather is hot" Jane wants Marry as addresse, to take him a cup of ice tea, and then Marry takes the tea because she understand what is the meaning of Jane utterances. "Taking a cup of ice tea" or "Turn on the fan" is a perlocutionary act. These are the effect of Marry utterance. Now, if the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary act is related to the linguistics, in linguistic it can be said that the locution is prediction, illocutionary is sentence type, and perlocutionary is the meaning of sentence. Example: a. The girl is diligent b. The girl that is diligent In this case, we find related between topic and explanation. As we know the topic is girl and the explanation is diligent.
c. She is the diligent girl d. The girl being diligent e. A diligent girl In these example (c, d, e), we find that the same prediction or locution that is to relate the topic "girl" and explanation is "diligent" compare with these sentences: f. You are a diligent girl g. Are you a diligent girl? h. Be (you) a diligent girl! From the example, we can seen the same locution between girl (you) and diligent, but they are different in illocution. Sentence (f) is a statement, sentence (g) is a question, and sentence (h) is command or instruction.
In speech act theory, there is a new concept about meaning that has develop, that is the utterance effect to the hearer which is called "perlocution". Illcution is different from "perlocution". This statement can be received the following example: i. How are you? j. Who says? These two utterance are different, "how are you"? is a question that function as greeting and "who says" is a question means to state unbelievable. Searle in Leech (1983 p.104) argues that there four major ways in which speech act they are: competitive, convivial, collaborative, conflictive. An addition is Searle's purpose and it can be consist of the five points of categories the illocutionary act, they are:

Searle's Theory of Illocutionary Force
1. Representative Representative mean the speaker in uttering a representation converge his believe that some propositions are true. Example: The sun shines on the east.

Directives
Directives mean the speaker attempt to get the listener to do something. Example: I hope you will some to my birthday party.

Expressive
Expressive means the speakers expresses his or her psychological state about something. Example: oh…. How big this church.

Commisive
Commisive mean the speaker admit himself to some future course of actions. Example: I promise, I will love you until the end of the time.

Declaratives
Declaratives mean when the speaker utters declarative, his word brings a new state of affairs. In other words, this declaratives is called felicity condition. Example: A priest says to a bride and bridegroom " I pronounce you to be wife and husband"

Speech Act Meaning
In conversation, every speaker operates a given set of language function to expose the language function. The writer uses Austin and Searle theory in order to expose the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary act. Every speech act has a certain value that influence the relationship among participants and the of communication.
Example : a. Buyer: Wortel brapa inang? ( how much the carrot man ?) b. Seller: Dua stengah ( two thousands and five hundred rupiah) The sentences which is spoken by Buyer and Seller above can analyzed based on locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary act as follows.

Cooperative Principle
One of basic principle that usually used as frame of reference is Grice. Grice (1975 p.308) categories four classification of speech act into maxim quantity, maxim quality, maxim relevance, and maxim manner. Example : a. Seller : cari apa eda? (What are you looking madam?) b. Buyer : berapa bawang? (how much is onion?) These utterances can be analyzed as follows : Quantity : Seller gives order to the buyer as information as is what is she wanted. Quality : the seller believes that the buyer is looking a thing that she want. Relevant : The topic which is talked by the seller and buyer is relevance. Manner : The seller and buyer use a sentence which is easy to understand.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research used the methodology of descriptive qualitative approach. According to Ary (2010 p.29), qualitative researchers seek to understand a phenomenon by focusing on the total picture rather than breaking it down into variables. Participants of the research were seller and buyers at "SINAGA SHOP" Jalan Melanthon Siregar Pematangsiantar. They were female and male. The seller was Mrs. Sinaga, 33 years old. The buyers were women and housewife children and also man in Jalan Melanthon Siregar Pematangsiantar. They were chosen randomly by the researcher since there was a transaction done. In this study, the researchers followed some steps in order to collect the data, they are: 1. Acquainting to the owner of the shop. 2. Observing the utterances of seller and buyers in "SINAGA SHOP" Jalan Melanthon Siregar Pematangsiantar. 3. Recording the utterances of seller and buyers when they are doing transaction. 4. Transcribing the Indonesian script of conversation between seller and buyers. 5. Taking note from the data. There were some verbs in the conversation that would be analyzed. To analyze the data, the researchers use descriptive qualitative to analyze data. According to Sugiyono (2008 p. 245), activities to analyze data in descriptive qualitative research can cover data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Based on those statements, the researchers divides the activity in analyzing data into some steps, they were: 1. Listening carefully and repeatedly to the conversation between seller and buyers while doing transaction. 2. Writing the English script of the conversation record between seller and buyers. 3. Analyzing it by using theory of Searle, and theory of Austin. 4. Interpreting the meaning of utterance from seller and buyers by using theory of Austin, Searle. 5. Finding the speech act verb used between sellers and buyers. The conversation can be analyzed by Austin's theory: Seller: what do you want to buy sister? Locutionary act of this utterance is seller ask to the buyer by saying simple question that is "mau beli apa kau dek?" (what do you want to buy sister?). Illocutionary act of this utterance is ordering information. It means, the seller wants to know, what are the buyer looking for. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is seller wants the buyer give her information about what things that she looking for. Buyer: "Surya" cigarette.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION
Locutionary act of this utterance is the buyer says "Surya" cigarette. Illocutionary act of this utterance is giving information. It means, the buyer wants to buy cigarette. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is the buyer wants that the seller give what the buyer wants. Seller: cigarette? How many cigarette do you want? Locutionary act of this utterance is seller ask to the buyer by saying a simple question that is "How many cigarette do you want?" Illocutionary act of this utterance is ordering information. It means, the seller wants to know, how many cigarette that she want. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is seller wants the buyer give her information about how many cigarette that she wants to buy. Buyer: two steam. Locutionary act of this utterance is the buyer say simple statement that is "two steam". Illocutionary act of this utterance is giving information. It means that the buyer inform how many steam cigarette that she needed. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is the buyer wanted that the seller gives her two steam cigarette. Seller: Wait a minute please. Locutionary act of this utterance is the seller says "wait a minute please". Illocutionary act of this utterance is the seller wants the buyer wait for a minute. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is the seller need an act of the buyer, does she wait or not. Buyer: And also this one sister. Locutionary act of this utterance is the buyer says "and also this one sister" Illocutionary act of this utterance is the buyer inform what she needed again. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is the buyer needs what the seller act after she said "and also this one sister". Seller: oh, so it will be pass three thousands rupiahs. Have you given your money? Locutionary act of this utterance is the seller ask to the buyer "have you given your money"? Illocutionary act of this utterance is the seller inform how much that she will be paid. Perlocutionary act of this utterance is the seller wants that the buyer give her money. Buyer: here you are. Locutionary act of this utterance is the buyer gives money to the seller by saying "here you are" Illocutionary act of this utterance is effect of the seller utterance that say have you given your money? Seller: Your money five thousands rupiahs. Give her two steam cigarette and change her two thousands rupiahs. Thank you.
Locutionary act of this utterance is the seller close the conversation by saying your money five thousands rupiahs. Give her two steam cigarette and change her two thousands rupiahs and the last the seller saying thank you. Illocutionary act of this utterance is the effect of the buyer's utterance that says "here you are" or giving money. After considering the data analysis of the conversation, the researchers conclude findings as following: The speech act that the seller and the buyer use in their daily conversation based on illocutionary force by Searle, areRepresentative include (suggest, report, state, inform, complain), Directive include (ask, request, order), Expressive include (apologize, thank, pardon), Commisive include (offer) andDeclaratives include (sentencing).

Theory by Searle
When the researcher did the data analysis, there were some other findings that the researchers would like to discuss. While doing this research, the researchers found some other speech act aspect besides the speech act verb by Searle. It is shown by the conversation: Penjual: makasi.. ( Thank you) From the short conversation between the seller and buyers, the researchers found research beside of the speech act verb, like when the seller said "Thank you". To express say "thank you" after the seller and buyers did transaction, it was an expressing of politeness. But in the conversation, we did not see how the seller and the buyer how to start the conversation. It caused by culture of the seller and buyers. So, it will be better if the seller and buyers did greeting to start their conversation like in western culture.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis and discussion which have been done in previous point above, the researchers conclude it will be better if the seller and buyer start the conversation with opening like to say "hello" and closing like to say "thank you". For English teacher, this research can be as a reference in teaching the students how to communicate while doing transaction and add the knowledge of verbs of transaction, especially in the era of industry 4.0. Hence, the researchers also want to suggest to teachers, specially, that how to have a good communication in teaching learning process in order to achieve the goals. And also teachers teach students how to communicate in a society to socialize with others. while doing transaction and add the knowledge of verbs of transaction.